The firm's fees are calculated on the basis of time spent on each case. We also take into account, however, the nature of the task, the financial value of the case, the interests involved and the final result. Bills are most often issued when the case has ended, but in lengthier cases or where the client has a large portfolio of matters, bills can be issued quarterly, bi-annually or annually, as arranged with our clients in each case. In some cases, we ask for a payment on account. While the high standards of our work are reflected in our fees, we attach great importance to openness about our fees and the relationship between the final fee and the assistance which we offer to our clients.